linux中挂载新硬盘到目录,并开机自动挂载例子

05-13

挂载硬盘对于linux系统来讲是一个比较常见的问题了，下面我们来看看linux中挂载新硬盘到目录，并开机自动挂载例子紧，

今天，在整理图片时，发现根目录硬盘空间已经所剩无几了，而网站和所有相关文件主要放置在根下data目录（/data）里，但/home下是有空间，而又不想把文件放到/home下面去，只有再加一个新硬盘，对以后/data目录的文件管理也比较好。

那么就先关掉主机，再加上新硬盘（其它电脑使用过的500G硬盘），插上后再启动电脑。

接下来，就开始工作了：

1. 查看硬盘信息：

feigo@figo:~$ sudo df -h
文件系统容量已用可用已用% 挂载点
rootfs 102G 92G 4.7G 96% /
udev 10M 0 10M 0% /dev
tmpfs 799M 1.8M 798M 1% /run
/dev/disk/by-uuid/3640f24a-4870-42e2-ae07-109cb9c35164 102G 92G 4.7G 96% /
tmpfs 5.0M 0 5.0M 0% /run/lock
tmpfs 4.6G 224K 4.6G 1% /run/shm
/dev/sda7 92M 26M 62M 30% /boot
/dev/sda9 201G 23G 169G 12% /home
feigo@figo:~$ sudo fdisk -l

Disk /dev/sdb: 500.1 GB, 500107862016 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 60801 cylinders, total 976773168 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x3f1e271a

Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdb1 63 102414374 51207156 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT
/dev/sdb2 102414375 976768064 437176845 f W95 Ext'd (LBA)
/dev/sdb5 102414438 409625369 153605466 b W95 FAT32
/dev/sdb6 409625433 716836364 153605466 b W95 FAT32
/dev/sdb7 716836428 976768064 129965818+ 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT

Disk /dev/sda: 500.1 GB, 500107862016 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 60801 cylinders, total 976773168 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0xc35aebd4

Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sda1 * 63 104872319 52436128+ 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT
/dev/sda2 104872381 976771071 435949345+ f W95 Ext'd (LBA)
/dev/sda5 104872383 231962534 63545076 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT
/dev/sda6 231962598 300929579 34483491 b W95 FAT32
/dev/sda7 300931072 301125631 97280 83 Linux
/dev/sda8 301127680 517726207 108299264 83 Linux
/dev/sda9 517728256 945461247 213866496 83 Linux
/dev/sda10 945463296 976771071 15653888 82 Linux swap / Solaris
我们可以看到有两个硬盘，sda和sdb，其中sda是目前使用中的硬盘，sdb是新加上去的硬盘。

2. 针对sdb创建新硬盘分区：

先说明一下，fdisk 可以用 m 命令来看 fdisk 命令的内部命令：
a ：命令指定启动分区
d ：命令删除一个存在的分区
l ：命令显示分区 ID 号的列表
m ：查看 fdisk 命令帮助
n ：命令创建一个新分区
p ：命令显示分区列表
t ：命令修改分区的类型 ID 号
w ：命令是将对分区表的修改存盘让它发生作用
feigo@figo:~$ su
密码：
root@figo:/home/feigo# fdisk /dev/sdb

Command (m for help): m
Command action
a toggle a bootable flag
b edit bsd disklabel
c toggle the dos compatibility flag
d delete a partition
l list known partition types
m print this menu
n add a new partition
o create a new empty DOS partition table
p print the partition table
q quit without saving changes
s create a new empty Sun disklabel
t change a partition's system id
u change display/entry units
v verify the partition table
w write table to disk and exit
x extra functionality (experts only)
由于sdb硬盘上已经有几个分区，人们需要先删除这些分区：
Command (m for help): d # 删除分区，依次输入数字
Partition number (1-7): 7

Command (m for help): d
Partition number (1-6): 6

Command (m for help): d
Partition number (1-5): 5

Command (m for help): d
Partition number (1-5): 2

Command (m for help): d
Selected partition 1

Command (m for help): w # 保存
The partition table has been altered!

Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.

再次查看硬盘分区信息，将会看到所有分区已被删除：
root@figo:/home/feigo# fdisk -l

Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System

在之前的命令列表上面看到，n代表创建新硬盘分区，那么接下我们输入n命令来创建新分区：
root@figo:/home/feigo# fdisk /dev/sdb

Command (m for help): n
Partition type:
p primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free)
e extended
Select (default p): p
Partition number (1-4, default 1): 1
First sector (2048-976773167, default 2048):
Using default value 2048
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (2048-976773167, default 976773167):
Using default value 976773167

Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered!

Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.
完成，再查看，已经发现多了一个sdb1的分区：
root@figo:/home/feigo# fdisk -l

Disk /dev/sdb: 500.1 GB, 500107862016 bytes
81 heads, 63 sectors/track, 191411 cylinders, total 976773168 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x3f1e271a

Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdb1 2048 976773167 488385560 83 Linux

3. 格式化分区为ext4：

root@figo:/home/feigo# mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdb1
mke2fs 1.42.5 (29-Jul-2012)
文件系统标签=
OS type: Linux
块大小=4096 (log=2)
分块大小=4096 (log=2)
Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks
30531584 inodes, 122096390 blocks
6104819 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
第一个数据块=0
Maximum filesystem blocks=4294967296
3727 block groups
32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group
8192 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736, 1605632, 2654208,
4096000, 7962624, 11239424, 20480000, 23887872, 71663616, 78675968,
102400000

Allocating group tables: 完成
正在写入inode表: 完成
Creating journal (32768 blocks): 完成
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: 完成
格式化完成，可以使用parted命令查看/dev/sdb的分区格式：
root@figo:/home/feigo# parted
GNU Parted 2.3
Using /dev/sda
Welcome to GNU Parted! Type 'help' to view a list of commands.
(parted) help
align-check TYPE N check partition N for TYPE(min|opt) alignment
check NUMBER do a simple check on the file system
cp [FROM-DEVICE] FROM-NUMBER TO-NUMBER copy file system to another partition
help [COMMAND] print general help, or help on COMMAND
mklabel,mktable LABEL-TYPE create a new disklabel (partition table)
mkfs NUMBER FS-TYPE make a FS-TYPE file system on partition NUMBER
mkpart PART-TYPE [FS-TYPE] START END make a partition
mkpartfs PART-TYPE FS-TYPE START END make a partition with a file system
move NUMBER START END move partition NUMBER
name NUMBER NAME name partition NUMBER as NAME
print [devices|free|list,all|NUMBER] display the partition table, available devices, free space, all found partitions, or a particular partition
quit exit program
rescue START END rescue a lost partition near START and END
resize NUMBER START END resize partition NUMBER and its file system
rm NUMBER delete partition NUMBER
select DEVICE choose the device to edit
set NUMBER FLAG STATE change the FLAG on partition NUMBER
toggle [NUMBER [FLAG]] toggle the state of FLAG on partition NUMBER
unit UNIT set the default unit to UNIT
version display the version number and copyright information of GNU Parted
(parted) select /dev/sdb
Using /dev/sdb
(parted) print
Model: ATA ST3500413AS (scsi)
Disk /dev/sdb: 500GB
Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
Partition Table: msdos

Number Start End Size Type File system Flags
1 1049kB 500GB 500GB primary ext4

(parted) quit
其中上面parted的内部命令：
help 代表帮助，将会打印所有内部命令
select /dev/sdb 代表切换到硬盘sdb
print 代表打印分区文件系统类型
quit 代表退出

那么我们已经知道了sdb已被格式化为ext4，接下来就要挂载硬盘来目录了：

root@figo:/home/feigo# mkdir /data1
root@figo:/home/feigo# mount /dev/sdb1 /data1
root@figo:/home/feigo# df -Th
文件系统类型容量已用可用已用% 挂载点
rootfs rootfs 102G 93G 4.5G 96% /
udev devtmpfs 10M 0 10M 0% /dev
tmpfs tmpfs 799M 3.0M 796M 1% /run
/dev/disk/by-uuid/3640f24a-4870-42e2-ae07-109cb9c35164 ext4 102G 93G 4.5G 96% /
tmpfs tmpfs 5.0M 0 5.0M 0% /run/lock
tmpfs tmpfs 4.6G 376K 4.6G 1% /run/shm
/dev/sda7 ext4 92M 26M 62M 30% /boot
/dev/sda9 ext4 201G 23G 169G 12% /home
/dev/sdb1 ext4 459G 198M 435G 1% /data1
可以看到/dev/sdb1已经被挂载到/data1下了，剩余的工作就是迁移数据了。

4. 最后一步就是实现开机自动挂载/dev/sdb1到/data1下：

编辑/etc/fstab文件，加入下面两行内容：

root@figo:/home/feigo# vi /etc/fstab
# load /dev/sdb1 to /data1 when the system startup
/dev/sdb1 /data1 ext4 defaults 1 2

然后再用mount -a确定/etc/fstab设置没有错误，再用mount查看已挂载的设备：

root@figo:/home/feigo# mount -a
root@figo:/home/feigo# mount
sysfs on /sys type sysfs (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime)
proc on /proc type proc (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime)
udev on /dev type devtmpfs (rw,relatime,size=10240k,nr_inodes=1020978,mode=755)
devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,nosuid,noexec,relatime,gid=5,mode=620,ptmxmode=000)
tmpfs on /run type tmpfs (rw,nosuid,noexec,relatime,size=818060k,mode=755)
/dev/disk/by-uuid/3640f24a-4870-42e2-ae07-109cb9c35164 on / type ext4 (rw,relatime,errors=remount-ro,user_xattr,barrier=1,data=ordered)
tmpfs on /run/lock type tmpfs (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,size=5120k)
tmpfs on /run/shm type tmpfs (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,size=4766880k)
/dev/sda7 on /boot type ext4 (rw,relatime,user_xattr,barrier=1,data=ordered)
/dev/sda9 on /home type ext4 (rw,relatime,user_xattr,barrier=1,data=ordered)
rpc_pipefs on /var/lib/nfs/rpc_pipefs type rpc_pipefs (rw,relatime)
binfmt_misc on /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc type binfmt_misc (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime)
/dev/sdb1 on /data1 type ext4 (rw,relatime,user_xattr,barrier=1,data=ordered)